CHAP. 65.—WORK TO BE DONE BETWEEN THE PREVALENCE OF
THE WEST WINDS AND THE VERNAL EQUINOX.
Between the prevalence of the west winds and the vernal
equinox, the fourteenth day before
1 the calends of March,
according to Cæsar, announces three days of changeable weather;
the same is the case, too, with the eighth
2 before the calends
of March, at the first appearance of the swallow, Arcturus
rising on the evening of the next day. Cæsar has observed,
that the same takes place on the third
3 before the nones of
March, at the rising of Cancer; and most authorities say the same
with reference to the emersion of the Vintager.
4 On the eighth
5
before the ides of March, the northern limb of Pisces
6 rises,
and on the next day Orion, at which period also, in Attica, the
Kite is first seen. Cæsar has noted, too, the setting of Scorpio
on the ides of March,
7 a day that was so fatal to him; and on
the fifteenth
8 before the calends of April, the Kite appears in
Italy. On the twelfth
9 before the calends of April, the Horse
sets in the morning.
This interval of time is a period of extreme activity for the
agriculturist, and affords him a great number of occupations,
in reference to which, however, he is extremely liable to be deceived. He is summoned to the commencement of these
labours, not upon the day on which the west winds ought to
begin, but upon the day on which they really do begin, to blow.
This moment then must be looked for with the most careful
attention, as it is a signal which the Deity has vouchsafed us
in this month, attended with no doubts or equivocations, if
only looked for with scrupulous care. We have already stated
in the Second Book,
10 the quarter in which this wind blows,
and the exact point from which it comes, and before long we
shall have occasion to speak of it again still more in detail.
In the mean time, however, setting out from the day, what-
ever it may happen to be, on which the west winds begin to
prevail (for it is not always on the seventh before the ides of
February
11 that they do begin), whether, in fact, they begin
to blow before the usual time, as is the case with an early
spring, or whether after, which generally happens when the
winter is prolonged—there are subjects innumerable to engage
the attention of the agriculturist, and those, of course, should
be the first attended to, which will admit of no delay. Three
month wheat must now be sown, the vine pruned in the way
we have already
12 described, the olive carefully attended to,
fruit-trees put in and grafted, vineyards cleaned and hoed,
seedlings laid out, and replaced in the nursery by others, the
reed, the willow, and the broom planted and lopped, and the
elm, the poplar, and the plane planted in manner already mentioned. At this period, also, the crops of corn ought to be
weeded,
13 and the winter kinds, spelt more particularly, well
hoed. In doing this, there is a certain rule to be observed, the
proper moment being when four blades have made their appearance, and
with the bean this should never be done until three
leaves have appeared above ground; even then, however, it is a
better plan to clean them only with a slight hoeing, in preference
to digging up the ground—but in no case should they ever be
touched the first fifteen days of their blossom. Barley must
never be hoed except when it is quite dry: take care, too, to
have all the pruning done by the vernal equinox. Four men
will be sufficient for pruning a jugerum of vineyard, and each
hand will be able to train fifteen vines to their trees.
14
At this period, too, attention should be paid to the gardens
and rose-beds, subjects which will be separately treated of in
succeeding Books; due care should be given to ornamental
gardening as well. It is now, too, the very best time for
making ditches. The ground should now be opened for future
purposes, as we find recommended by Virgil
15 in particular,
in order that the sun may thoroughly warm the clods. It is a
piece of even more sound advice, which recommends us to
plough no lands in the middle of spring but those of middling
quality; for if this is done with a rich soil, weeds will be
sure to spring up in the furrows immediately; and if, on the
other hand, it is a thin, meagre land, as soon as the heat comes
on, it will be dried up, and so lose all the moisture which
should be reserved to nourish the seed when sown. It is a much
better plan, beyond a doubt, to plough such soils as these in
autumn.
Cato
16 lays down the following rules for the operations of
spring. "Ditches," he says, "should be dug in the seed-plots, vines
should be grafted, and the elm, the fig, the olive,
and other fruit-trees planted in dense and humid soils. Such
meadows
17 as are not irrigated, must be manured in a dry
moon, protected from the western blasts, and carefully cleaned;
noxious weeds must be rooted up, fig-trees cleared, new seed-plots made, and the old ones dressed: all this should be done
before you begin to hoe the vineyard. When the pear is in
blossom, too, you should begin to plough, where it is a meagre,
gravelly soil. When you have done all this, you may plough
the more heavy, watery soils, doing this the last of all."
The proper time for ploughing, then,
18 is denoted by these
two signs, the earliest fruit of the lentisk
19 making its
appearance, and the blossoming of the pear. There is a third sign,
however, as well, the flowering of the squill among the bulbous,
20
and of the narcissus among the garland, plants. For
both the squill and the narcissus, as well as the lentisk, flower
three times, denoting by their first flowering the first period
for ploughing, by the second flowering the second, and by the
third flowering the last; in this way it is that one thing affords
hints for another. There is one precaution, too, that is by no
means the least important among them all, not to let ivy touch
the bean while in blossom; for at this period the ivy is noxious
21
to it, and most baneful in its effects. Some plants, again,
afford certain signs which bear reference more particularly to
themselves, the fig for instance; when a few leaves only are
found shooting from the summit, like a cup in shape, then it is
more particularly that the fig-tree should be planted.