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book:
BOOK I.
BOOK II. AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD AND THE ELEMENTS.
BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK IV. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS,
HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR
FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK V.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS,
HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES
WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
BOOK IX. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
BOOK XI. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS.
BOOK XII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES
BOOK XIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXOTIC TREES, AND AN
ACCOUNT OF UNGUENTS.
BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES.
BOOK XV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.
BOOK XVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST TREES.
BOOK XVII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED TREES.
BOOK XVIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GRAIN.
BOOK XIX.
THE NATURE AND CULTIVATION OF FLAX, AND AN
ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS GARDEN PLANTS.
BOOK XX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE GARDEN PLANTS.
BOOK XXI.
AN ACCOUNT OF FLOWERS. AND THOSE USED FOR
CHAPLETS MORE PARTICULARLY.
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
BOOK XXIII.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE CULTIVATED TREES.
BOOK XXIV.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE FOREST TREES.
BOOK XXV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF WILD PLANT
BOOK XXVI.
A CONTINUATION OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM
PLANTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PARTICULAR
DISEASES.
BOOK XXVII.
A DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS, AND OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THEM.
BOOK XXVIII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXIX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXX.
REMEDIES DERIEVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXXI.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC PRODUCTION
BOOK XXXII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
BOOK XXXIII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS.
BOOK XXXIV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS.
BOOK XXXV.
AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS.
BOOK XXXVI.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES.
BOOK XXXVII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PRECIOUS STONES.
chapter:
CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE EXTREME SMALLNESS OF INSECTS.
CHAP. 2. (3.)—WHETHER INSECTS RESPIRE, AND WHETHER
THEY HAVE BLOOD.
CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE BODIES OF INSECTS.
CHAP. 4. (5.)—BEES.
CHAP. 5. (6.)—THE ORDER DISPLAYED IN THE WORKS OF BEES.
CHAP. 6. (5.)—THE MEANING OF THE TERMS COMMOSIS, PISSO-
CEROS, AND PROPOLlS.
CHAP. 7.—THE MEANING OF ERITHACE, SANDARACA, OR CERINTHOS.
CHAP. 8. (8.)—WHAT FLOWERS ARE USED BY THE BEES IN THEIR
WORK.
CHAP. 9. (9.)—PERSONS WHO HAVE MADE BEES THEIR STUDY.
CHAP. 10. (10.)—THE MODE IN WHICH BEES WORK.
CHAP. 11.—DRONES.
CHAP. 12.—THE QUALITIES OF HONEY.
CHAP. 13. (13.)—WHERE THE BEST HONEY IS PRODUCED.
CHAP. 14. (14.)—THE KINDS OF HONEY PECULIAR TO VARIOUS
PLACES.
CHAP. 15. (15.)—HOW HONEY IS TESTED. ERICÆUM. TETRA-
LIX, OR SISIRUM.
CHAP. 16.—THE REPRODUCTION OF BEES.
CHAP. 17. (17.)—THE MODE OF GOVERNMENT OF THE BEES.
CHAP. 18.—HAPPY OMENS SOMETIMES AFFORDED BY A SWARM
OF BEES.
CHAP. 19. (18.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BEES.
CHAP. 20.—THE DISEASES OF BEES.
CHAP. 21.—THINGS THAT ARE NOXIOUS TO BEES.
CHAP. 22. (20.)—How TO KEEP BEES TO THE HIVE.
CHAP. 23.—METHODS OF RENEWING THE SWARM.
CHAP. 24. (21.)—WASPS AND HORNETS: ANIMALS WHICH APPRO-
PRIVATE WHAT BELONGS TO OTHERS.
CHAP. 25. (22.)—THE BOMBYX OF ASSYRIA.
CHAP. 26.—THE LARVÆ OF THE SILK-WORM-WHO FIRST INVENTED
SILK CLOTHS.
CHAP. 27. (23.)—THE SILK-WORM OF COS—HOW THE COAN
VESTMENTS ARE MADE.
CHAP. 28. (24.)—SPIDERS; THE KINDS THAT MAKE WEBS; THE
MATERIALS USED BY THEM IN SO DOING.
CHAP. 29.—THE GENERATION OF SPIDERS.
CHAP. 30. (25.)—SCORPIONS.
CHAP. 31. (26.)—THE STELLIO.
CHAP. 32.—THE GRASSHOPPER: THAT IT HAS NEITHER MOUTH
NOR OUTLET FOR FOOD.
CHAP. 33. (28.)—THE WINGS OF INSECTS.
CHAP. 34.—THE BEETLE. THE GLOW-WORM. OTHER KINDS OF
BEETLES.
CHAP. 35.—LOCUSTS.
CHAP. 36. (30.)—ANTS.
CHAP. 37. (32.)—THE CHRYSALIS.
CHAP. 38. (33.)—ANIMALS WHICH BREED IN WOOD.
CHAP. 39.—INSECTS THAT ARE PARASITES OF MAN. WHICH IS
THE SMALLEST OF ANIMALS? ANIMALS FOUND IN WAX EVEN.
CHAP. 40. (34.)—AN ANIMAL WHICH HAS NO PASSAGE FOR THE
EVACUATIONS.i
CHAP. 41. (35.)—MOTHS, CANTHARIDES, GNATS–AN INSECT
THAT BREEDS IN THE SNOW.
CHAP. 42. (36.)—AN ANIMAL FOUND IN FIRE—-THE PYRALLIS
OR PYRAUSTA.
CHAP. 43.—THE ANIMAL CALLED HEMEROBION.
CHAP. 44. (37.)—THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL
ANIMALS CONSIDERED LIMB BY LIMB. THOSE WHICH HAVE
TUFTS AND CRESTS.
CHAP. 45.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF HORNS. ANIMALS IN WHICH
THEY ARE MOVEABLE.
CHAP. 46.—THE HEADS OF ANIMALS. THOSE WHICH HAVE NONF.
CHAP. 47.—THE HAIR.
CHAP. 48.—THE BONES OF THE HEAD.
CHAP. 49.—THE BRAIN.
CHAP. 50.—THE EARS. ANIMALS WHICH HEAR WITHOUT EARS
OR APERTURES.
CHAP. 51.—THE FACE, THE FOREHEAD, AND THE EYE-BROWS.
CHAP. 52.—THE EYES—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO EYES, OR HAVE
ONLY ONE EYE.
CHAP. 53.—THE DIVERSITY OF THE COLOUR OF THE EYES.
CHAP. 54.—THE THEORY OF SIGHT—PERSONS WHO CAN SEE BY
NIGHT.
CHAP. 55.—THE NATURE OF THE PUPIL-EYES WHICH DO NOT
SHUT.
CHAP. 56.—THE HAIR OF THE EYE-LIDS; WHAT ANIMALS ARE
WITHOUT THEM. ANIMALS WHICH CAN SEE ON ONE SIDE ONLY.
CHAP. 57.—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO EYELIDS.
CHAP. 58.—THE CHEEKS.
CHAP. 59.—THE NOSTRILS.
CHAP. 60.—THE MOUTH; THE LIPS; THE CHIN; AND THE
JAW-BONE.
CHAP. 61.—THE TEETH; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF TEETH; IN WHAT
ANIMALS THEY ARE NOT ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MOUTH: ANIMALS
WHICH HAVE HOLLOW TEETH.
CHAP. 62.—THE TEETH OF SERPENTS; THEIR POISON. A BIRD
WHICH HAS TEETH.
CHAP. 63.—WONDERFUL CIRCUMSTANCES CONNECTED WITH THE
TEETH.
CHAP. 64.—HOW AN ESTIMATE IS FORMED OF THE AGE
OF ANIMALS FROM THEIR TEETH.
CHAP. 65.—THE TONGUE; ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO
TONGUE. THE NOISE MADE BY FROGS. THE PALATE.
CHAP. 66.—THE TONSILS; THE UVA; THE EPIGLOSSIS; THE
ARTERY; THE GULLET.
CHAP. 67.—THE NECK; THE THROAT; THE DORSAL SPINE.
CHAP. 68.—THE THROAT; THE GULLET; THE STOMACH.
CHAP. 69.—THE HEART; THE BLOOD; THE VITAL SPIRIT.
CHAP. 70.—THOSE ANIMALS WHICH HAVE THE LARGEST HEART,
AND THOSE WHICH HAVE THE SMALLEST. WHAT ANIMALS HAVE
TWO HEARTS.
CHAP. 71.—WHEN THE CUSTOM WAS FIRST ADOPTED OF EXAMINING
THE HEART IN THE INSPECTION OF THE ENTRAILS.
CHAP. 72.—THE LUNGS: IN WHAT ANIMALS THEY ARE THE LAR-
GEST, AND IN WHAT THE SMALLEST. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE
NOTHING BUT LUNGS IN THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY. CAUSES
WHICH PRODUCE EXTRAORDINARY SWIFTNESS IN ANIMALS.
CHAP. 73.—THE LIVER: IN WHAT ANIMALS, AND IN WHAT PART
THERE ARE TWO LIVERS FOUND.
CHAP. 74.—THE GALL; WHERE SITUATE, AND IN WHAT ANIMALS
IT IS DOUBLE. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO GALL, AND OTHERS
IN WHICH IT IS NOT SITUATE IN THE LIVER.
CHAP. 75.—THE PROPERTIES OF THE GALL.
CHAP. 76.—IN WHAT ANIMALS THE LIVER INCREASES AND DE-
CREASES WITH THE MOON. OBSERVATIONS OF THE ARUSPICES
RELATIVE THERETO, AND REMARKABLE PRODIGIES.
CHAP. 77.—THE DIAPHRAGM. THE NATURE OF LAUGHTER.
CHAP. 78.—THE BELLY: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BELLY.
WHICH ARE THE ONLY ANIMALS THAT VOMIT.
CHAP. 79.—THE SMALL GUTS, THE FRONT INTESTINES, THE ANUS,
THE COLON. THE CAUSES OF THE INSATIATE VORACITY OF CER-
TAIN ANIMALS.
CHAP. 80.—THE OMENTUM: THE SPLEEN; ANIMALS WHICH ABE
WITHOUT IT.
CHAP. 81.—THE KIDNEYS: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE FOUR KID-
NEYS. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NONE.
CHAP. 82.—THE BREAST: THE RIBS.
CHAP. 83.—THE BLADDER: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BLADDER.
CHAP. 84.—THE WOMB: THE WOMB OF THE SOW: THE TEARS.
CHAP. 85.—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE SUET: ANIMALS WHICH DO NOT
GROW FAT.
CHAP. 86.—THE MARROW: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO MARROW.
CHAP. 87.—BONES AND FISH-BONES: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE
NEITHER. CARTILAGES.
CHAP. 88.—THE NERVE: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NONE.
CHAP. 89.—THE ARTERIES; THE VEINS: ANIMALS WITHOUT
ARTERIES OR VEINS. THE BLOOD AND THE SWEAT.
CHAP. 90. (38.)—ANIMALS, THE BLOOD OF WHICH COAGULATES
WITH THE GREATEST RAPIDITY: OTHER ANIMALS, THE BLOOD
OF WHICH DOES NOT COAGULATE. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE THE
THICKEST BLOOD: THOSE THE BLOOD OF WHICH IS THE THINNEST: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BLOOD.
CHAP. 91.—ANIMALS WHICH ARE WITHOUT BLOOD AT CERTAIN
PERIODS OF THE YEAR.
CHAP. 92. (39.)—WHETHER THE BLOOD IS THE PRINCIPLE OF
LIFE.
CHAP. 93.—THE HIDE OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 94.—THE HAIR AND THE COVERING OF THE SKIN.
CHAP. 95.—THE PAPS: BIRDS THAT HAVE PAPS. REMARKABLE
FACT'S CONNECTED WITH THE DUGS OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 96. (41.)—THE MILK: THE BIESTINGS. CHEESE; OF WHAT
MILK CHEESE CANNOT BE MADE. RENNET; THE VARIOUS KINDS
OF ALIMENT IN MILK.
CHAP. 97. (42.)—VARIOUS KINDS OF CHEESE.
CHAP. 98. (43.)—DIFFERENCES OF THE MEMBERS OF MAN FROM
THOSE OF OTHER ANIMALS.
CHAP. 99.—THE FINGERS, THE ARMS.
CHAP. 100. (44.)—RESEMBLANCE OF THE APE TO MAN.
CHAP. 101. (45.)—THE NAILS.
CHAP. 102.—THE KNEES AND THE HAMS.
CHAP. 103.—PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY TO WHICH CERTAIN
RELIGIOUS IDEAS ARE ATTACHED.
CHAP. 104.—VARICOSE VEINS.
CHAP. 105.—THE GAIT, THE FEET, THE LEGS.
CHAP. 106. (46.)—HOOFS.
CHAP. 107. (47.)—THE FEET OF BIRDS.
CHAP. 108. (48.)—THE FEET OF ANIMALS, FROM THOSE HAVING
TWO FEET TO THOSE WITH A HUNDRED.—DWARFS.
CHAP. 109.—THE SEXUAL PARTS.—HERMAPHRODITES.
CHAP. 110.—THE TESTES—THE THREE CLASSES OF EUNUCHS.
CHAP. 111. (50.)—TE TAILS OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 112. (51.)—THE DIFFERENT VOICES OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 113. (52.)—SUPERFLUOUS LIMBS.
CHAP. 114.—SIGNS OF VITALITY AND OF THE MORAL
DISPOSITION OF MAN, FROM THE LIMBS.
CHAP. 115. (53.)—RESPIRATION AND NUTRIMENT.
CHAP. 116.—ANIMALS WHICH WHEN FED UPON POISON DO
NOT DIE, AND THE FLESH OF WHICH IS POISONOUS.
CHAP. 117.—REASONS FOR INDIGESTION. REMEDIES FOR
CRUDITY.
CHAP. 118.—FROM WHAT CAUSES CORPULENCE ARISES;
HOW IT MAY BE REDUCED.
CHAP. 119.—WHAT THINGS, BY MERELY TASTING OF THEM,
ALLAY HUNGER AND THIRST.
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Table of Contents:
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
BOOK XXXII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
1 See end of B. ii.
2 See end of B. iii.
3 C. Tremellius Scrofa, a friend of M. Varro, and one of the early writers on agriculture.
4 See end of B. x.
5 See end of B. vii.
6 See end of B. ix.
7 See end of B. vii.
8 See end of B. viii.
9 See end of B. ii.
10 See end of B. ii.
11 See end of B. x.
12 See end of B. iii.
13 Nothing seems to be known of this writer.
14 See end of B. vii.
15 See end of B. vii.
16 See end of B. ii.
17 See end of B. ii.
18 See end of B. vi.
19 See end of B. x.
20 C. Oppius, one of the most intimate friends of Julius Cæsar, for whom, with Balbus, he acted in Spain. Of his numerous biographical and historical works, none have survived to our time.
21 See end of B. ii.
22 See end of B. ii.
23 Probably Neoptolemus of Paros, who wrote a book of Epigrams, a treatise on Languages, and other works.
24 Of Soli, an observer of the habits of bees. His portrait is said still to exist, on a cornelian, attentively observing a swarm of bees. He wrote upon bees, honey, and the art of mixing wines.
25 Probably a different writer from the one mentioned at the end of B. viii.; nothing seems to be known of him.
26 See end of B. viii.
27 See end of B. viii.
28 See end of B. x.
29 A philosopher of Agrigentum, and disciple of Pythagoras. He is said to have perished in the crater of Mount Etna. He wrote numerous works, of which only some fragments exist.
30 See end of B. iv.
31 Apparently the same as the King Philometor, mentioned below.—See end of B. viii.
32 Of this writer nothing seems to be known.
33 See end of B. vii.
34 Of Chalcedon, one of the most famous physicians of antiquity. He was physician to Phalaris, the tyrant of Sicily, and is said to have dissected criminals alive. He was the first that paid particular attention to the nervous system.
35 A native of Iulis, in Cos, or else Ceos, grandson of Aristotle, and disciple of Theophrastus. He acquired great reputation as a physician, at the court of Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria, where he discovered the supposed disease of Prince Antiochus, who had fallen in love with his stepmother, Stratonice. Of his numerous medical works, only the titles and a few fragments exist.
36 See end of B. vii.
37 A physician of Laodicæa, founder of the school of the Methodici. He was a pupil of Asclepiades, and died about B.C. 43. Of his medical works only a few fragments survive.
38 See end of B. ii.
39 See end of B. viii.
40 See end of B. viii.
41 See end of B. viii.
42 See end of B. iii.
43 See end of B. vii.
44 See King Attalus, above.
The Natural History. Pliny the Elder. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855.
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