Aristotle, Virtues and Vices
H. Rackham, Ed.

Of ill-temper there are three kinds, irascibility, bitterness, sullenness. It belongs to the ill-tempered man to be unable to bear either small slights or defeats but to be given to retaliation and revenge, and easily moved to anger by any chance deed or word. [4] Ill-temper is accompanied by excitability of character, instability, bitter speech, and liability to take offence at trifles and to feel these feelings quickly and on slight occasions. [5]

To cowardice it belongs to be easily excited by chance alarms, and especially by fear of death or of bodily injuries, and to think it better to save oneself by any means than to meet a fine end. [6] Cowardice is accompanied by softness, unmanliness, faint-heartedness, fondness of life; and it also has an element of cautiousness and submissiveness of character. [7]

To profligacy belongs choosing harmful and base pleasures and enjoyments, and thinking that the happiest people are those who pass their lives in pleasures of that kind, and being fond of laughter and mockery and jokes and levity in words and deeds. [8] Profligacy is accompanied by disorder, shamelessness, irregularity, luxury, slackness, carelessness, negligence, remissness. [9]

To uncontrol it belongs to choose the enjoyment of pleasures when reason would restrain, and although one believes that it would be better not to participate in them, to participate in them all the same, and while thinking one ought to do fine and expedient things yet to abstain from them for the sake of one's pleasures. [10] The concomitants of uncontrol are softness and negligence and in general the same as those of profligacy.7.

Of unrighteousness there are three kinds, impiety, greed, outrage. [2] Transgression in regard to gods and spirits, or even in regard to the departed and to parents and country, is impiety. [3] Transgression in regard to contracts, taking what is in dispute contrary to one's desert, is greed. [4] Outrage is the unrighteousness that makes men procure pleasures for themselves while leading others into disgrace; in consequence of which Evenus says about outrage:“She that wrongs others e'en when she gaineth nought.

” [5] And it belongs to unrighteousness to transgress ancestral customs and regulations, to disobey the laws and the rulers, to