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chapter:
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I: THE ORIGIN OF THE DWELLING HOUSE
CHAPTER II: ON THE PRIMORDIAL SUBSTANCE ACCORDING TO THE PHYSICISTS
CHAPTER III: BRICK
CHAPTER IV: SAND
CHAPTER V: LIME
CHAPTER VI: POZZOLANA
CHAPTER VII: STONE
CHAPTER VIII: METHODS OF BUILDING WALLS
CHAPTER IX: TIMBER
CHAPTER X: HIGHLAND AND LOWLAND FIR
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BOOK I
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
BOOK V
BOOK VI
BOOK VII
BOOK IX
11. One can see this at its best in Ravenna; for there all the buildings, both public and private, have piles of this sort beneath their foundations. The elm and the ash contain a very great amount of moisture, a minimum of air and fire, and a moderate mixture of the earthy in their composition. When put in shape for use in buildings they are tough and, having no stiffness on account of the weight of moisture in them, soon bend. But when they become dry with age, or are allowed to lose their sap and die standing in the open, they get harder, and from their toughness supply a strong material for dowels to be used in joints and other articulations.
Vitruvius: The Ten Books on Architecture. Vitruvius. Morris Hicky Morgan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. London: Humphrey Milford. Oxford University Press. 1914.
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