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BOOK I.
BOOK II. AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD AND THE ELEMENTS.
BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK IV. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS,
HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR
FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK V.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS,
HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES
WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
BOOK IX. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
BOOK XI. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS.
BOOK XII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES
BOOK XIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXOTIC TREES, AND AN
ACCOUNT OF UNGUENTS.
BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES.
BOOK XV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.
BOOK XVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST TREES.
BOOK XVII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED TREES.
BOOK XVIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GRAIN.
BOOK XIX.
THE NATURE AND CULTIVATION OF FLAX, AND AN
ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS GARDEN PLANTS.
BOOK XX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE GARDEN PLANTS.
BOOK XXI.
AN ACCOUNT OF FLOWERS. AND THOSE USED FOR
CHAPLETS MORE PARTICULARLY.
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
BOOK XXIII.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE CULTIVATED TREES.
BOOK XXIV.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE FOREST TREES.
BOOK XXV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF WILD PLANT
BOOK XXVI.
A CONTINUATION OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM
PLANTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PARTICULAR
DISEASES.
BOOK XXVII.
A DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS, AND OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THEM.
BOOK XXVIII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXIX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXX.
REMEDIES DERIEVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXXI.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC PRODUCTION
BOOK XXXII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
BOOK XXXIII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS.
BOOK XXXIV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS.
BOOK XXXV.
AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS.
BOOK XXXVI.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES.
BOOK XXXVII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PRECIOUS STONES.
chapter:
CHAP. 1. (1.)—WHY THE LARGEST ANIMALS ARE FOUND IN THE SEA.
CHAP. 2. (3.)—THE SEA MONSTERS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.
CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE LARGEST ANIMALS THAT ARE FOUND IN EACH OCEAN.
CHAP. 4. (5.)—THE FORMS OF THE TRITONS AND NEREIDS. THE FORMS OF SEA ELEPHANTS.
CHAP. 5. (6.)—THE BALÆNA AND THE ORCA
CHAP. 6.—WHETHER FISHES RESPIRE, AND WHETHER THEY SLEEP.
CHAP. 7. (8.)—DOLPHINS.
CHAP. 8.—HUMAN BEINGS WHO HAVE BEEN BELOVED BY DOLPHINS.
CHAP. 9.—PLACES WHERE DOLPHINS HELP MEN TO FISH.
CHAP. 10.—OTHER WONDERFUL THINGS RELATING TO DOLPHINS.
CHAP. 11. (9.)—THE TURSIO.
CHAP. 12. (10.)—TURTLES.
THE VARIOUS KINDS OF TURTLES,
AND HOW THEY ARE CAUGHT.
CHAP. 13.—( 1.)—WHO FIRST INVENTED THE ART OF CUTTING TORTOISE-SHELL.
CHAP. 14. (12.)—DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS INTO VARIOUS SPECIES.
CHAP. 15. (13.)—THOSE WHICH ARE COVERED WITH HAIR, OR HAVE NONE, AND HOW THEY BRING FORTH. SEA-CALVES, OR PHOCÆ.
CHAP. 16.—HOW MANY KINDS OF FISH THERE ARE.
CHAP. 17. (15.)—WHICH OF THE FISHES ARE OF THE LARGEST SIZE.
CHAP. 18.—TUNNIES, CORDYLA, AND PELAMIDES, AND THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THEM THAT ARE SALTED. MELANDRYA, APOLECTI, AND CYBIA.
CHAP. 19.—THE AURIAS AND THE SCOMBER.
CHAP. 20.—FISHES WHICH ARE NEVER FOUND IN THE EUXINE;
THOSE WHICH ENTER IT AND RETURN.
CHAP. 21.—WHY FISHES LEAP ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE WATER.
CHAP. 22. (16.)—THAT AUGURIES ARE DERIVED FROM FISHES.
CHAP. 23.—WHAT KINDS OF FISHES HAVE NO MALES.
CHAP. 24.—FISHES WHICH HAVE A STONE IN THE HEAD; THOSE WHICH KEEP THEMSELVES CONCEALED DURING WINTER; AND THOSE WHICH ARE NOT TAKEN IN WINTER, EXCEPT UPON STATED DAYS.
CHAP. 25.—FISHES WHICH CONCEAL THEMSELVES DURING THE SUMMER; THOSE WHICH ARE INFLUENCED BY THE STARS.
CHAP. 26. (17.)—THE MULLET.
CHAP. 27.—THE ACIPENSER.
CHAP. 28.—THE LUPUS, ASELLUS.
CHAP. 29.—THE SCARUS, THE MUSTELA.
CHAP. 30.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF MULLETS, AND THE SARGUS
THAT ATTENDS THEM.
CHAP. 31.—ENORMOUS PRICES OF SOME FISH.
CHAP. 32.—THAT THE SAME KINDS ARE NOT EVERYWHERE
EQUALLY ESTEEMED.
CHAP. 33.—GILLS AND SCALES.
CHAP. 34. (19.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A VOICE .— FISHES WITHOUT GILLS.
CHAP. 35.—FISHES WHICH COME ON LAND. THE PROPER TIME FOR
CATCHING FISH.
CHAP. 36. (20.)—CLASSIFICATION OF FISHES, ACCORDING TO THE
SHAPE OF THE BODY.
CHAP. 37.—THE FINS OF FISH, AND THEIR MODE OF SWIMMING.
CHAP. 38. (21)—EELS
CHAP. 39. (23.)—THE MURÆNA.
CHAP. 40. (24.)—VARIOUS KINDS OF FLAT FISH.
CHAP. 41. (25.)—THE ECHENEIS, AND ITS USES IN ENCHANTMENTS.
CHAP. 42. (26.)—FISHES WHICH CHANGE THEIR COLOUR.
CHAP. 43.—FISHES WHICH FLY ABOVE THE WATER. — THE SEA-SWALLOW. — THE FISH THAT SHINES IN THE NIGHT .— THE HORNED FISH. — THE SEA-DRAGON.
CHAP. 44. (28.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE NO BLOOD.—FISHES KNOWN AS SOFT FISH.
CHAP. 45. (29.)—THE SÆPIA, THE LOLIGO, THE SCALLOP.
CHAP. 46.—THE POLYPUS.
CHAP. 47.—THE NAUTILUS, OR SAILING POLYPUS.
CHAP. 48. (30.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF POLYPI; THEIR
SHREWDNESS.
CHAP. 49.—THE SAILING NAUPLIUS.
CHAP. 50.—SEA-ANIMALS, WHICH ARE ENCLOSED WITH A CRUST; THE CRAY-FISH.
CHAP. 51.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF CRABS; THE PINNOTHERES, THE SEA URCHIN, COCKLES, AND SCALLOPS.
CHAP. 52.—VARIOUS KINDS OF SHELL-FISH.
CHAP. 53. (34.)—WHAT NUMEROUS APPLIANCES OF LUXURY ARE FOUND IN THE SEA.
CHAP. 54.—PEARLS; HOW THEY ARE PRODUCED, AND WHERE.
CHAP. 55.—HOW PEARLS ARE FOUND.
CHAP. 56.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF PEARLS.
CHAP. 57.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH PEARLS — THEIR NATURE.
CHAP. 58.—INSTANCES OF THE USE OF PEARLS.
CHAP. 59.—HOW PEARLS FIRST CAME INTO USE AT ROME.
CHAP. 60.—THE NATURE OF THE MUREX AND THE PURPLE.
CHAP. 61.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PURPLES.
CHAP. 62. (38.)—HOW WOOLS ARE DYED WITH THE JUICES OF THE PURPLE.
CHAP. 63. (39.)—WHEN PURPLE WAS FIRST USED AT ROME: WHEN THE LATICLAVE VESTMENT AND THE PRÆTEXTA WERE FIRST WORN.
CHAP. 64.—FABRICS CALLED CONCHYLIATED.
CHAP. 65.—THE AMETHYST, THE TYRIAN, THE HYSGINIAN, AND THE CRIMSON TINTS.
CHAP. 66. (42.)—THE PINNA, AND THE PINNOTHERES.
CHAP. 67.—THE SENSITIVENESS OF WATER ANIMALS; THE TORPEDO, THE PASTINACA, THE SCOLOPENDRA, THE GLANIS, AND THE RAM-FISH.
CHAP. 68. (45.)—BODIES WHICH HAVE A THIRD NATURE, THAT OF THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE COMBINED-THE SEA-NETTLE.
CHAP. 69.—SPONGES; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF THEM, AND WHERE THEY ARE PRODUCED: PROOFS THAT THEY ARE GIFTED WITH LIFE BY NATURE.
CHAP. 70. (46.)—DOG-FISH.
CHAP. 71.—FISHES WHICH ARE ENCLOSED IN A STONY SHELL — SEA ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO SENSATION — OTHER ANIMALS WHICH LIVE IN THE MUD.
CHAP. 72. (48.)—VENOMOUS SEA-ANIMALS.
CHAP. 73. (49.)—THE MALADIES OF FISHES.
CHAP. 74. (50.)—THE GENERATION OF FISHES.
CHAP. 75.—FISHES WHICH ARE BOTH OVIPAROUS AND VIVIPAROUS.
CHAP. 76.—FISHES THE BELLY OF WHICH OPENS IN SPAWNING, AND THEN CLOSES AGAIN.
CHAP. 77. (52.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A WOMB; THOSE WHICH
IMPREGNATE THEMSELVES.
CHAP. 78. (53.)—THE LONGEST LIVES KNOWN AMONGST FISHES.
CHAP. 79. (54.)—THE FIRST PERSON THAT FORMED ARTIFICIAL
OYSTER—BEDS.
CHAP. 80.—WHO WAS THE FIRST INVENTOR OF PRESERVES FOR
OTHER FISH.
CHAP. 81. (55.)—WHO INVENTED PRESERVES FOR MURENÆ.
CHAP. 82. (56.)—WHO INVENTED PRESERVES FOR SEA-SNAILS.
CHAP. 83. (57.)—LAND FISHES.
CHAP. 84. (58.)—THE MICE OF THE NILE.
CHAP. 85. (59.)—HOW THE FISH CALLED THE ANTHIAS
IS TAKEN.
CHAP. 86. (60.)—SEA-STARS.
CHAP. 87. (61.)—THE MARVELLOUS PROPERTIES OF THE
DACTYLUS.
CHAP. 88. (62.)—THE ANTIPATHIES AND SYMPATHIES THAT
EXIST BETWEEN AQUATIC ANIMALS.
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Table of Contents:
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
BOOK XXXII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
1 Aristotle, Hist. Anim. B. v. e. 5. Cuvier remarks, that this is true, and more especially during the spawning season.
2 Aristotle says the same, but with the expression of some doubt as to the truth of the assertion. B. vi. c. 13.
3 The erythinus is supposed to be the roach, or rochet, of the present day, and the channe, the ruff or perch. Ovid, in his Halieuticon, 1. 107, alludes to the same notion that is here mentioned: "And the channe, that reproduces itself, deprived of two-fold parents." Cuvier remarks, that, wonderful as these assertions may be, they are not devoid, to all appearance, of a certain foundation; for that Cavolini has observed in the Perca cabrilla and Perca scriba of Linnæus, a species of hermaphroditism; the ovary having always in the interior a lobe, which, from its conformation, would appear to be for the milt; and that he is strongly of opinion that in this species, and some others of the same genus, all the fish produce eggs, and fecundate them themselves.
4 Cuvier says, that the channe is the Perca cabrilla of Linnæus, one of the serrans or trumpet-fish of the coasts of Provence. According to Forskal, Fauna Arabica, and Sonnini, it still has the name among the Turks and modern Greeks, of "chani," or "channo," and it was in these that Cavolini observed the singular organization previously mentioned. According to Athenæus, B. vii., Aristotle has described this fish as of a red colour, variegated with black rays, which answers very well to the Perca scriba of Linnæus, approaching most nearly to the Perca cabrilla.
5 Aristotle, Hist. Anim. B. viii. c. 75.
6 Aristotle, Hist. Anim. B. viii. c. 7.
7 Aristotle makes the same remark, Hist. Anim. B. viii. c. 25.
The Natural History. Pliny the Elder. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855.
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