CHAP. 18.—DEFECTS IN THE SMARAGDUS.
It will be only proper, too, seeing that the prices of these
stones are so exorbitant, to point out their defects. Some
defects, no doubt, are common to all of them, while others,
again, like those found in the human race, are peculiar only
to those of a certain country. Thus, for example, the stones
of Cyprus are not all green alike, and in the same smaragdus
some parts are more or less so than others, the stone not always
preserving that uniform deep tint which characterizes the smaragdus
of Scythia. In other instances, a shadow runs through
the stone, and the colour becomes dulled thereby; the consequence
of which is, that its value is depreciated; and even
more so, when the colour is thin and diluted.
In consequence of the defects
1 in these stones, they have
been divided into several classes. Some of them are obscure,
and are then known as "blind" stones; some have a certain
density, which impairs their transparency; others, again, are
mottled, and others covered with a cloud. This cloud, however,
is altogether different from the shadow above mentioned;
for it is a defect which renders the stone of a whitish hue, and
not of a transparent green throughout; presenting, as it does, in
the interior or upon the surface, a certain degree of whiteness
which arrests the vision. Other defects, again, in these stones,
are filaments, salt-like
2 grains, or traces of lead ore, faults
which are mostly common to them all.
Next after the kinds above described, the smaragdus of
Æthiopia is held in high esteem; being found, as Juba tells
us, at a distance of twenty-five days' journey from Coptos.
These are of a bright green, but are seldom to be met with perfectly
clear or of an uniform colour. Democritus includes in
this class the stones that are known as "herminei," and as
"Persian" stones; the former of which are of a convex,
massive shape, while the latter are destitute of transparency,
but have an agreeable, uniform colour, and satisfy the vision
without allowing it to penetrate them; strongly resembling, in
this respect, the eyes of cats and of panthers, which are radiant
without being diaphanous. In the sun, he says, they lose their
brilliancy, but they are radiant in the shade, the brightness of
them being seen at a greater distance than in the case of other
stones. One other fault, too, in all these stones is, that they
often have a colour like that of honey or rancid oil, or else
are clear and transparent, but not green.
These defects exist in the smaragdi of Attica,
3 more particularly,
which are found in the silver-mines there, at a place
known by the name of Thoricos.
4 These last are never so
massive as the others, and are always more pleasing to the
sight when viewed from a distance: lead ore, too, is often to
be detected in them, or, in other words, they have a leaden
appearance when looked at in the sun.
5 One peculiarity in
them is, that some of them become impaired by age, gradually
lose their green colour, and are even deteriorated by exposure
to the sun. Next to the stones of Attica come those of
Media, a variety which presents the most numerous tints of all,
and sometimes approaches sapphiros
6 in colour. These stones
are wavy,
7 and represent various natural objects, such as
poppy-heads, for example, birds, the young of animals, and
feathers: all of them appear naturally of a green colour, but
become improved by the application of oil. No stones of this
species are of a larger size than these.
I am not aware that any of these stones
8 are still in existence
at Chalcedon, the copper mines of that locality being now
exhausted: but be this as it may, they were always the smallest
in size and the most inferior in value. Brittle, and of a colour
far from distinctly pronounced, they resembled in their tints
the feathers that are seen in the tail of the peacock or on the
necks of pigeons.
9 More or less brilliant, too, according to the
angle at which they were viewed, they presented an appearance
like that of veins and scales. There was another defect, also,
peculiar to these stones, known as "sarcion," from the circumstance
that a kind of flesh
10 appeared to attach itself to the
stone. The mountain near Chalcedon, where these stones were
gathered, is still known by the name of "Smaragdites." Juba
informs us that a kind of smaragdus, known as "cloras,"
11 is
used in Arabia as an ornament for buildings, as also the stone
which by the people of Egypt is called "alabastrites." On the
same authority, too, we learn that there are several varieties
of the smaragdus in the neighbouring mountains, and that
stones like those of Media are found in Mount Taygetus,
12 as
also in Sicily.