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BOOK I.
BOOK II. AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD AND THE ELEMENTS.
BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK IV. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS,
HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR
FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK V.
AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS,
HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES
WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
BOOK IX. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
BOOK XI. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS.
BOOK XII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES
BOOK XIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXOTIC TREES, AND AN
ACCOUNT OF UNGUENTS.
BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES.
BOOK XV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.
BOOK XVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST TREES.
BOOK XVII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED TREES.
BOOK XVIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GRAIN.
BOOK XIX.
THE NATURE AND CULTIVATION OF FLAX, AND AN
ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS GARDEN PLANTS.
BOOK XX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE GARDEN PLANTS.
BOOK XXI.
AN ACCOUNT OF FLOWERS. AND THOSE USED FOR
CHAPLETS MORE PARTICULARLY.
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
BOOK XXIII.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE CULTIVATED TREES.
BOOK XXIV.
THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE FOREST TREES.
BOOK XXV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF WILD PLANT
BOOK XXVI.
A CONTINUATION OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM
PLANTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PARTICULAR
DISEASES.
BOOK XXVII.
A DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS, AND OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THEM.
BOOK XXVIII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXIX.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXX.
REMEDIES DERIEVED FROM LIVING CREATURES.
BOOK XXXI.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC PRODUCTION
BOOK XXXII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
BOOK XXXIII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS.
BOOK XXXIV.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS.
BOOK XXXV.
AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS.
BOOK XXXVI.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES.
BOOK XXXVII.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PRECIOUS STONES.
chapter:
CHAP. I.—COUNTRIES THAT HAVE NO TREES.
CHAP. 2.—WONDERS CONNECTED WITH TREES IN THE NORTHERN
REGIONS.
CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE ACORN OAK. THE CIVIC CROWN.
CHAP. 4.—THE ORIGIN OF THE PRESENTATION OF CROWNS.
CHAP. 5.—PERSONS PRESENTED WITH A CROWN OF LEAVES.
CHAP. 6. (5.)—THIRTEEN VARIETIES OF THE ACORN.
CHAP. 7. (6.)—THE BEECH.
CHAP. 8.—THE OTHER ACORNS-WOOD FOR FUEL.
CHAP. 9.—THE GALL-NUT.
CHAP. 10.—OTHER PRODUCTIONS ON THESE TREES BESIDES THE ACORN.
CHAP. 11. (8.)—CACHRYS.
CHAP. 12.—THE KERMES BERRY.
CHAP. 13.—AGARIC.
CHAP. 14. (9.)—TREES OF WHICH THE BARK IS USED.
CHAP. 15. (10.)—SHINGLES.
CHAP. 16.—THE PINE.
CHAP. 17.—THE PINASTER.
CHAP. 18.—THE PITCH-TREE: THE FIR.
CHAP. 19.—THE LARCH: THE TORCH-TREE.
CHAP. 20.—THE YEW.
CHAP. 21. (11.)—METHODS OF MAKING TAR—HOW CEDRIUM IS MADE.
CHAP. 22.—METHODS BY WHICH THICK PITCH IS PREPARED.
CHAP. 23. (12.)—HOW THE RESIN CALLED ZOPISSA IS PREPARED.
CHAP. 24. (13.)—TREES THE WOOD OF WHICH IS HIGHLY VALUED.
FOUR VARIETIES OF THE ASH.
CHAP. 25. (14.)—TWO VARIETIES OF THE LINDEN-TREE.
CHAP. 26. (15.)—TEN VARIETIES OF THE MAPLE.
CHAP. 27. (16.)—BERUSCUM: MOLLUSCUM; THE STAPHYLODENDRON.
CHAP. 28.—THREE VARIETIES OF THE BOX-TREE.
CHAP. 29. (17.)—FOUR VARIETIES OF THE ELM.
CHAP. 30. (18.)—THE, NATURES OF THE VARIOUS TREES ACCORDING
TO THEIR LOCALITIES: THE MOUNTAIN TREES, AND THE TREES
OF THE PLAIN.
CHAP. 31.—TREES WHICH GROW ON A DRY SOIL: THOSE WHICH
ARE
FOUND
IN WET LOCALITIES: THOSE WHICH ARE FOUND IN
BOTH INDIFFERENTLY.
CHAP. 32. (19.)—DIVISION OF TREES INTO VARIOUS SPECIES.
CHAP. 33. (20.)—TREES WHICH DO NOT LOSE THEIR FOLIAGE.
THE RHODODOENDRON. TREES WHICH DO NOT LOSE THE WHOLE
OF THEIR FOLIAGE. PLACES IN WHICH THERE ARE NO TREES.
CHAP. 34. (22.)—THE NATURE OF THE LEAVES WHICH WITHER
AND FALL.
CHAP. 35.—TREES WHICH HAVE LEAVES OF VARIOUS COLOURS;
TREES WITH LEAVES OF VARIOUS SHAPES. THREE VARIETIES
OF THE POPLAR.
CHAP. 36.—LEAVES WHICH TURN ROUND EVERY YEAR.
CHAP. 37.—THE CARE BESTOWED ON THE LEAVES OF THE PALM,
AND THE USES TO WHICH THEY ARE APPLIED.
CHAP. 38.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH LEAVES.
CHAP. 39. (25.)—THE NATURAL ORDER OF THE PRODUCTION OF
PLANTS.
CHAP. 40.—TREES WHICH NEVER BLOSSOM. THE JUNIPER
CHAP. 41.—THE FECUNDATION OF TREES. GERMINATION: THE
APPEARANCE OF THE FRUIT.
CHAP. 42.—IN WHAT ORDER THE TREES BLOSSOM.
CHAP. 43. (26.)—AT WHAT PERIOD EACH TREE BEARS FRUIT.
THE CORNEL.
CHAP. 44.—TREES WHICH BEAR THE WHOLE YEAR. TREES WHICH
HAVE ON THEM THE FRUIT OF THREE YEARS.
CHAP. 45.—TREES WHICH BEAR NO FRUIT: TREES LOOKED UPON
AS ILL-OMENED.
CHAP. 46.—TREES WHICH LOSE THEIR FRUIT OR FLOWERS MOST
READILY.
CHAP. 47.—TREES WHICH ARE UNPRODUCTIVE IN CERTAIN PLACES.
CHAP. 48.—THE MODE IN WHICH TREES BEAR.
CHAP. 49.—TREES IN WHICH THE FRUIT APPEARS BEFORE THE
LEAVES.
CHAP. 50. (27.)—TREES THAT BEAR TWO CROPS IN A YEAR. TREES
THAT BEAR THREE CROPS.
CHAP. 51.—WHICH TREES BECOME OLD WITH THE GREATEST
RAPIDITY, AND WHICH MOST SLOWLY.
CHAP. 52.—TREES WHICH BEAR VARIOUS PRODUCTS. CRATÆGUM.
CHAP. 53.—DIFFERENCES IN TREES IN RESPECT OF THE TRUNKS
AND BRANCHES.
CHAP. 54.—THE BRANCHES OF TREES.
CHAP. 55. (31.)—THE BARK OF TREES.
CHAP. 56.—THE ROOTS OF TREES.
CHAP. 57.—TREES WHICH HAVE GROWN SPONTANEOUSLY FROM THE
GROUND.
CHAP. 58.—HOW TREES GROW SPONTANEOUSLY—DIVERSITIES IN
THEIR NATURE, THE SAME TREES NOT GROWING EVERYWHERE.
CHAP. 59.—PLANTS THAT WILL NOT GROW IN CERTAIN PLACES.
CHAP. 60. (33.)—THE CYPRESS.
CHAP. 61.—THAT THE EARTH OFTEN BEARS PRODUCTIONS WHICH
IT HAS NEVER BORNE BEFORE.
CHAP. 62. (34.)—THE IVY-TWENTY VARIETIES OF IT.
CHAP. 63. (35.)—THE SMILAX.
CHAP. 64. (36.)—WATER PLANTS: THE RUSH: TWENTY-EIGHT
VARIETIES OF THE REED.
CHAP. 65.—REEDS USED FOR ARROWS, AND FOR THE PURPOSE
OF WRITING.
CHAP. 60.—FLUTE REEDS: TET REEDOF ORCHOMENTFS; REEDS
USED FOR FOWLING AND FISHING.
CHAP. 67.—THE VINE-DRESSERS' REED.
CHAP. 68.—THE WILLOW: EIEGT VARIETIES OF IT.
CHAP. 69.—TREES IN ADDITION TO THE WILLOW, WHICH ARE OF
USE IN MAKING WITHES.
CHAP. 70.—RUSHES: CANDLE-RUSHES: RUSHES FOR THATCHING.
CHAP. 71.—THE ELDER: THE BRAMBLE.
CHAP. 72. (38.)—THE JUICES OF TREES.
CHAP. 73.—TE VEINS AND FIBRES OF TREES.
CHAP. 74.—THE FELLING OF TREES.
CHAP. 75.—TE OPINION OF CATO ON THE FELLING OF TIMBER.
CHAP. 76.—THE SIZE OF TREES: THE NATURE OF WOOD: THE
SAPPINUS.
CHAP. 77.—METHODS OF OBTAINING FIRE FROM WOOD.
CHAP. 78.—TREES WHICH ARE PROOF AGAINST DECAY: TREES
WHICH NEVER SPLIT.
CHAP. 79.—HISTORICAL FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE DURABILITY
OF WOOD.
CHAP. 80. (41.)—VARIETIES OF THE TEREDO.
CHAP. 81. (42.)—THE WOODS USED IN BUILDING.
CHAP. 82.—CARPENTERS' WOODS.
CHAP. 83. (43.)—WOODS UNITED WITH GLUE.
CHAP. 8.—VENEERING.
CHAP. 85. (44.)—THE AGE OF TREES. A TREE THAT WAS
PLANTED BY THE FIRST SCIPIO AFRICANUS. A TREE AT
ROME FIVE HUNDRED YEARS OLD.
CHAP. 86.—TREES AS OLD AS THE CITY.
CHAP. 87.—TREES IN THE SUBURBAN DISTRICTS OLDER THAN THE
CITY.
CHAP. 88.—TREES PLANTED BY AGAMEMNON THE FIRST YEAR OF THE
TROJAN WAR: OTHER TREES WHICH DATE FROM THE TIME THAT
THE PLACE WAS CALLED ILIUM, ANTERIOR TO THE TROJAN WAR.
CHAP. 89.—TREES PLANTED AT ARGOS BY HERCULES: OTHERS
PLANTED BY APOLLO. A TREE MORE ANCIENT THAN ATHENS
ITSELF.
CHAP. 90.—TREES WHICH ARE THE MOST SHORT-LIVED.
CHAP. 91.—TREES THAT HAVE BEEN RENDERED FAMOUS BY REMARKABLE EVENTS.
CHAP. 92.—PLANTS THAT HAVE NO PECULIAR SPOT FOR THEIR
GROWTH: OTHERS THAT GROW UPON TREES, AND WILL NOT
GROW IN THE GROUND. NINE VARIETIES OF THEM: CADYTAS,
POLYPODION, PHAULIAS, HIPPOPHÆSTON.
CHAP. 93.—THREE VARIETIES OF MISTLETOE. THE NATURE OF
MISTLETOE AND SIMILAR PLANTS.
CHAP. 94.—THE METHOD OF MAKING BIRDLIME.
CHAP. 95.—HISTORICAL FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE MISTLETOE.
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Table of Contents:
BOOK VII.
MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
BOOK XXII.
THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS.
BOOK XXXII.
REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS.
1 This word, as employed by Theophrastus, means a catkin, the Julus amentum of the botanists; but it is doubtful if Pliny attaches this meaning to the word, as the lime or linden-tree has no catkin, but an inflorescence of a different character. It is not improbable that, under this name, he alludes to some excrescence.
2 These were the "boletus" and the suillus;" the last of which seem only to have been recently introduced at table in the time of Pliny. See B. xxii. c. 47.
3 He alludes clearly to fungi of radically different qualities, as the nature of the trees beneath which they grow cannot possibly influence them, any further than by the various proportions of shade they afford. The soil, however, exercises great influence on the quality of the fungus; growing upon a hill, it may be innoxious, while in a wet soil it may be productive of death.
4 See cc. 93, 94, and 95, of this Book.
5 Works and Days, 1. 230.
6 Pliny seems to have here taken in a literal sense, what has been said
figuratively by Virgil, Eel. iv. 1. 26:
"Et duræ quercus sudabunt roscida mella;"
and by Ovid, in relation to the Golden Age, Met. i. 113:
"Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella."
Fée remarks, that we find on the leaf of the lime-tree a thin, sugary deposit, left by insects; and that a species of manna exudes from the Coniferæ,
as also the bark of the beech. This, however, is never the case with the
oak.
7 B. xi. c. 12.
8 By this word, Fée observes, we must not understand the word "nitre," in the modern sense, but the sub-carbonate of potash; while the ashes of trees growing on the shores of the sea produce a sub-carbonate of soda.
The Natural History. Pliny the Elder. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855.
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