CHAP. 19. (18.)—TWENTY-NINE VARIETIES OF THE FIG.
Of all the remaining fruits that are included under the
name of "pomes," the fig
1 is the largest: some, indeed, equal
the pear, even, in size. We have already mentioned, while
treating of the exotic fruits, the miraculous productions of
Egypt and Cyprus
2 in the way of figs. The fig of Mount
Ida
3 is red, and the size of an olive, rounder however, and
like a medlar in flavour; they give it the name of Alexandrian in those parts. The stem is a cubit in thickness; it is
branchy, has a tough, pliant wood, is entirely destitute of all
milky juice,
4 and has a green bark, and leaves like those of the
linden tree, but soft to the touch. Onesicritus states that in
Hyrcania the figs are much sweeter than with us, and that the
trees are more prolific, seeing that a single tree will bear as
much as two hundred and seventy modii
5 of fruit. The fig
has been introduced into Italy from other countries, Chalcis
and Chios, for instance, the varieties being very numerous:
there are those from Lydia also, which are of a purple colour,
and the kind known as the "mamillana,"
6 which is very
similar to the Lydian. The callistruthiæ are very little superior to the last in flavour; they are the coldest by nature of
all the figs. As to the African fig, by many people preferred
to any other, it has been made the subject of very considerable discussion, as it is a kind that has been introduced very
recently into Africa, though it bears the name of that country.
As to the fig of Alexandria,
7 it is a black variety, with the
cleft inclining to white; it has had the name given to it of
the "delicate"
8 fig: the Rhodian fig, too, and the Tiburtine,
9
one of the early kinds, are black. Some of them, again, bear
the name of the persons who were the first to introduce them,
such, for instance, as the Livian
10 and the Pompeian
11 figs: this
last variety is the best for drying in the sun and keeping for
use, from year to year; the same is the case, too, with the
marisca,
12 and the kind which has a leaf spotted all over like
the reed.
13 There is also the Herculanean fig, the albicerata,
14
and the white aratia, a very large variety, with an extremely
diminutive stalk.
The earliest of them all is the porphyritis,
15 which has a
stalk of remarkable length: it is closely followed by the popularis,
16 one of the very smallest of the figs, and so called from
the low esteem in which it is held: on the other hand, the
chelidonia
17 is a kind that ripens the last of all, and to-
wards the beginning of winter. In addition to these, there are
figs that are at the same time both late and early, as they bear
two crops in the year, one white and the other black,
18 ripening at harvest-time and vintage respectively. There is another
late fig also, that has received its name from the singular
hardness of its skin; one of the Chalcidian varieties bears as
many as three times in the year. It is at Tarentum only that
the remarkably sweet fig is grown which is known by the
name of "ona."
Speaking of figs, Cato has the following remarks: "Plant
the fig called the 'marisca' on a chalky or open site, but for
the African variety, the Herculanean, the Saguntine,
19 the
winter fig and the black Telanian
20 with a long stalk, you
must select a richer soil, or else a ground well manured."
Since his day there have so many names and kinds come up,
that even on taking this subject into consideration, it must be
apparent to every one how great are the changes which have
taken place in civilized life.
There are winter figs, too, in some of the provinces, the
Mœsian, for instance; but they are made so by artificial means,
such not being in reality their nature. Being a small
variety of the fig-tree, they cover it up with manure at the end
of autumn, by which means the fruit on it is overtaken by
winter while still in a green state: then when the weather,
becomes milder the fruit is uncovered along with the tree, and
so restored to light. Just as though it had come into birth
afresh, the fruit imbibes the heat of the new sun with the
greatest avidity—a different sun, in fact, to that
21 which originally gave it life—and so ripens along with the blossom of
the coming crop; thus attaining maturity in a year not its
own, and this in a country,
22 too, where the greatest cold
prevails.