This text is part of:
Search the Perseus Catalog for:
[1338b]
[1]
but rather because this study makes a man
observant of bodily beauty; and to seek for utility everywhere is entirely
unsuited to men that are great-souled and free. And since it is plain that
education by habit must come before education by reason, and training of the
body before training of the mind, it is clear from these considerations that the
boys must be handed over to the care of the wrestling-master and the trainer;
for the latter imparts a certain quality to the habit of the body and the former
to its actions.Now at the present time some of the states reputed to pay the
greatest attention to children produce in them an athletic habit1 to the detriment of their bodily form and growth, while the
Spartans although they have avoided this error yet make their boys animal in
nature by their laborious exercises, in the belief that this is most
contributory to manly courage. Yet, as has often been said, it is not right to
regulate education with a view to one virtue only, or to this one most of all;
indeed they do not even investigate the question whether this virtue is to be
had in view at all. For neither in the lower animals nor in the case of foreign
races do we see that courage goes with the wildest, but rather with the gentler
and lion-like temperaments.2
And there are many
[20]
foreign races inclined to murder and cannibalism,
for example among the tribes of the Black
Sea the Achaeans and Heniochi, and others of the mainland races,
some in the same degree as those named and some more, which although piratical
have got no share of manly courage. And again we know that even the Spartans,
although so long as they persisted by themselves in their laborious exercises
they surpassed all other peoples, now fall behind others both in gymnastic and
in military contests; for they used not to excel because they exercised their
young men in this fashion but only because they trained and their adversaries
did not. Consequently honor and not
animal ferocity should play the first part; for it is not a wolf nor one of the
other wild animals that will venture upon any noble hazard, but rather a good
man. But those who let boys pursue these hard exercises too much and turn them
out untrained in necessary things in real truth render them vulgar, making them
available for statesmanship to use for one task only, and even for this task
training them worse than others do, as our argument proves. And3 we must not judge them from their former achievements but from
the facts of today; for they have rivals in their education now, but they used
to have none before.It is therefore agreed that we should employ gymnastic
training, and how we should employ it. For until puberty we should apply lighter
exercises, forbidding hard diet and severe exertions, in order that nothing may
hinder the growth;
1 i.e. premature and disproportionate muscular development, directed to some particular competition. Cf. 1288b 12 ff.
2 Aristot. Hist. An. 629b 8 (the lion is gentle except when hungry); Plat. Soph. 231a (the dog the gentlest of animals).
3 This sentence would come better at the end of 3.4.
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.