[
1306a]
[1]
(as Hipparinus put forward Dionysius
1 at
Syracuse, and at
Amphipolis2 a man named Cleotimus led the
additional settlers that came from
Chalcis and on their arrival stirred them up to sedition
against the wealthy, and in
Aegina the
man who carried out the transactions with Chares attempted to cause a revolution
in the constitution for a reason of this sort
3); so sometimes
they attempt at once to introduce some reform, at other times they rob the
public funds and in consequence either they or those who fight against them in
their peculations stir up faction against the government, as happened at
Apollonia on the Black Sea.
On the other hand, harmonious oligarchy does not easily cause its own
destruction; and an indication of this is the constitutional government at
Pharsalus, for there the ruling
class though few are masters of many men
4 because on good
terms with one another. Also
oligarchical governments break up when they create a second oligarchy within the
oligarchy. This is when, although the whole citizen class is small, its few
members are not all admitted to the greatest offices; this is what once occurred
in
Elis, for the government being in
the hands of a few, very few men used to become members of the Elders,
5 because
these numbering ninety held office for life, and the mode of election was of a
dynastic type
6 and resembled that of the Elders at
Sparta.
Revolutions
[20]
of oligarchies occur both during war and in
time of peace— during war since the oligarchs are forced by their
distrust of the people to employ mercenary troops (for the man in whose
hands they place them often becomes tyrant, as Timophanes did at
Corinth,
7 and
if they put several men in command, these win for themselves dynastic
power), and when through fear of this they give a share in the
constitution to the multitude, the oligarchy falls because they are compelled to
make use of the common people; during peace, on the other hand, because of their
distrust of one another they place their protection in the hands of mercenary
troops and a magistrate between the two parties, who sometimes becomes master of
both, which happened at
Larisa in the
time of the government of the Aleuadae led by Simus,
8 and at
Abydos in the time of the political
clubs of which that of Iphiades was one. And factions arise also in consequence of one set of the
members of the oligarchy themselves being pushed aside by another set and being
driven into party strife in regard to marriages or law-suits; examples of such
disorders arising out of a cause related to marriage are the instances spoken of
before, and also the oligarchy of the knights at
Eretria was put down
9 by Diagoras when he had
been wronged in respect of a marriage, while the faction at
Heraclea and that at
Thebes arose out of a judgement of a
law-court, when the people at
Heraclea
justly but factiously enforced the punishment against Eurytion on a charge of
adultery