[1305a]
[1]
in the time of the democracy
which Thrasymachus put down1, and in the case of other states also examination
would show that revolutions take place very much in this manner. Sometimes they
make the notables combine by wronging them in order to curry favor, causing
either their estates to be divided up or their revenues by imposing public
services, and sometimes by so slandering them that they may have the property of
the wealthy to confiscate. And in
old times whenever the same man became both leader of the people and general,
they used to change the constitution to a tyranny; for almost the largest number
of the tyrants of early days have risen from being leaders of the people. And
the reason why this used to happen then but does not do so now is because then
the leaders of the people were drawn from those who held the office of general
(for they were not yet skilled in oratory), but now when
rhetoric has developed the able speakers are leaders of the people, but owing to
their inexperience in military matters they are not put in control of these,
except in so far as something of the kind has taken place to a small extent in
some places. And tyrannies also used
to occur in former times more than they do now because important offices were
entrusted to certain men, as at Miletus a tyranny2 arose out
of the presidency (for the president had control of many important
matters). And moreover, because the cities in those times were not
large but the common people lived on their farms
[20]
busily engaged in agriculture, the people's champions when they
became warlike used to aim at tyranny. And they all used to do this when they
had acquired the confidence of the people, and their pledge of confidence was
their enmity towards the rich, as at Athens Pisistratus made himself tyrant by
raising up a party against the men of the plain, and Theagenes at Megara by slaughtering the cattle of the
well-to-do which he captured grazing by the river, and Dionysius3
established a claim to become tyrant when he accused Daphnaeus and the rich,
since his hostility to them caused him to be trusted as a true man of the
people. And revolutions also take
place from the ancestral form of democracy to one of the most modern kind; for
where the magistracies are elective, but not on property-assessments, and the
people elect, men ambitious of office by acting as popular leaders bring things
to the point of the people's being sovereign even over the laws. A remedy to
prevent this or to reduce its extent is for the tribes to elect the magistrates,
and not the people collectively.These then are
the causes through which almost all the revolutions in democracies take
place.Oligarchies undergo revolution principally through two ways
that are the most obvious. One is if they treat the multitude unjustly; for
anybody makes an adequate people's champion, and especially so when their leader
happens to come from the oligarchy itself, like Lygdamis at Naxos, who afterwards actually became tyrant
of the Naxians.
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