[1292a]
[1]
And another kind of democracy is for all the citizens that are
not open to challenge1 to have a share in office, but for the law to rule;
and another kind of democracy is for all to share in the offices on the mere
qualification of being a citizen, but for the law to rule. Another kind of
democracy is where all the other regulations are the same, but the multitude is
sovereign and not the law; and this
comes about when the decrees of the assembly over-ride the law. This state of
things is brought about by the demagogues; for in the states under democratic
government guided by law a demagogue does not arise, but the best classes of
citizens are in the most prominent position; but where the laws are not
sovereign, then demagogues arise; for the common people become a single
composite monarch, since the many are sovereign not as individuals but
collectively. Yet what kind of democracy Homer2 means by the words ‘no blessing is the lordship of the
many’—whether he means this kind or when those who rule as
individuals are more numerous, is not clear. However, a people of this sort, as being monarch, seeks to
exercise monarchic rule through not being ruled by the law, and becomes
despotic, so that flatterers are held in honor. And a democracy of this nature
is comparable to the tyrannical form of monarchy, because their spirit is the
same, and both exercise despotic control over the better classes, and the
decrees voted by the assembly
[20]
are like
the commands issued in a tyranny, and the demagogues and the flatterers are the
same people or a corresponding class, and either set has the very strongest
influence with the respective ruling power, the flatterers with the tyrants and
the demagogues with democracies of this kind. And these men cause the resolutions of the assembly to be
supreme and not the laws, by referring all things to the people; for they owe
their rise to greatness to the fact that the people is sovereign over all things
while they are sovereign over the opinion of the people, for the multitude
believes them. Moreover those who bring charges against the magistrates say that
the people ought to judge the suits, and the people receive the invitation
gladly, so that all the magistracies are put down. And it would seem to be a reasonable criticism to say that
such a democracy is not a constitution at all; for where the laws do not govern
there is no constitution, as the law ought to govern all things while the
magistrates control particulars, and we ought to judge this to be constitutional
government; if then democracy really is one of the forms of constitution, it is
manifest that an organization of this kind, in which all things are administered
by resolutions of the assembly, is not even a democracy in the proper sense, for
it is impossible for a voted resolution to be a universal rule.Let this be our discussion of the different kinds of
democracy.Of the kinds of oligarchy, one is for the magistracies to be
appointed from property-assessments so high that the poor who are the majority
have no share in the government, but for the man who acquires the requisite
amount of property to be allowed to take part in it;
1 i.e. on the score of birth, cf. 5.4.
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