[
1272b]
[1]
as they live in an island remote from any people to
corrupt them. Also the remedy which they employ for this defect
1 is a curious one, and less characteristic of a republic
than of a dynasty
2:
often the Cosmi are expelled by
a conspiracy formed among some of their actual colleagues or the private
citizens. Also the Cosmi are allowed to resign during their term of office. Now
it would be preferable for all these expedients to be put in force by law rather
than at the discretion of individuals, for that is a dangerous principle. And
the worst expedient of all is that of the suspension of the office of Cosmi,
which is often brought about by members of the powerful class who wish to escape
being punished; this proves that the constitution has a republican element,
although it is not actually a republic but rather a dynasty.
3 And the nobles frequently form parties
among the common people and among their friends and so bring about a suspension
of government,
4 and form factions and engage in war with
one another. Yet such a state of
things is virtually the same as if for a period of time the state underwent an
entire revolution, and the bonds of civil society were loosened.
And it is a precarious position for a state to be in,
when those who wish to attack it also have the power to do so. But, as has been
said, it is saved by its locality; for distance has had the same effect as
alien-acts.
5 A
result of this is that with the Cretans the serf population stands firm, whereas
the Helots often revolt; for the Cretans
[20]
take no part in foreign empire, and also the island has only
lately been invaded by warfare from abroad, rendering manifest the weakness of
the legal system there.
Let this suffice for our
discussion of this form of constitution.
Carthage also appears to have a good
constitution, with many outstanding features as compared with those of other
nations, but most nearly resembling the Spartan in some points. For these three
constitutions are in a way near to one another and are widely different from the
others—the Cretan, the Spartan and, thirdly, that of
Carthage. Many regulations at
Carthage are good; and a proof of a
well-regulated constitution is that the populace willingly remain faithful to
the constitutional system, and that neither civil strife has arisen in any
degree worth mentioning, nor yet a tyrant.
Points in which the
Carthaginian constitution resembles the Spartan are the common mess-tables of
its Comradeships corresponding to the Phiditia, and the magistracy of the
Hundred and Four corresponding to the Ephors (except one point of
superiority—the Ephors are drawn from any class, but the Carthaginians
elect this magistracy by merit); the kings and the council of Elders
correspond to the kings and Elders at
Sparta, and it is another superior feature that the
Carthaginian kings are not confined to the same family and that one of no
particular distinction, and also that if any family distinguishes itself . .
.
6 the Elders are to be
chosen from these rather than by age; for as they are put in control of
important matters, if they are men of no value they do great harm,