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[1450b]
[1]
if a man smeared a canvas with the loveliest colors at random, it
would not give as much pleasure as an outline in black and white.1
And it is mainly because a play is a
representation of action that it also for that reason represents people. Third comes
"thought." This means the ability to say what is possible and appropriate. It comes
in the dialogue and is the function of the statesman's or the rhetorician's
art.2
The old writers made their characters
talk like statesmen,3 the moderns like
rhetoricians. Character is that which reveals choice4, shows what sort of thing a man chooses or avoids in
circumstances where the choice is not obvious, so those speeches convey no character
in which there is nothing whatever which the speaker chooses or avoids. "Thought" you
find in speeches which contain an argument that something is or is not, or a general
expression of opinion. The fourth of the literary elements is the language. By this
I mean, as we said above, the expression of meaning in words,5 and this is essentially the same in verse and in
prose. Of the other elements which "enrich"6 tragedy the most
important is song-making. Spectacle,
while highly effective, is yet quite foreign to the art and has nothing to do with
poetry. Indeed the effect of tragedy does not depend on its performance by actors,
and, moreover,
[20]
for achieving the
spectacular effects the art of the costumier is more authoritative than that of the
poet.
After these definitions we must next discuss the proper arrangement of the incidents
since this is the first and most important thing in tragedy. We have laid it down that tragedy is a representation
of an action that is whole and complete and of a certain magnitude, since a thing
may be a whole and yet have no magnitude. A whole is what has a beginning and middle and end. A beginning is that which is not a necessary consequent of
anything else but after which something else exists or happens as a natural result.
An end on the contrary is that
which is inevitably or, as a rule, the natural result of something else but from
which nothing else follows; a middle
follows something else and something follows from it. Well constructed plots must not therefore begin and end at
random, but must embody the formulae we have stated. Moreover, in everything that is
beautiful, whether it be a living creature or any organism composed of parts, these
parts must not only be orderly arranged but must also have a certain magnitude of
their own; for beauty consists in
magnitude and ordered arrangement. From which it follows that neither would a very
small creature be beautiful—for our view of it is almost instantaneous and
therefore confused7—nor a very large one,
1 Selection and design are necessary for aay work of "representation."
2 Cf. chapter 6.
3 Or "in the style of ordinary people," without obvious rhetorical artifice.
4 προαίρεσις is a technical term in Aristotle's ethics, corresponding to our use of the term "Will," the deliberate adoption of any course of conduct or line of action. It is a man's will or choice in the sense that determines the goodness or badness of his character. If character is to be revealed in drama, a man must be shown in the exercise of his will, choosing between one line of conduct and another, and he must be placed in circumstances in wbich the choice is not obvious, i.e., circumstances in which everybody's choice would not be the same. The choice of death rather than disbonourable wealth reveals character; the choice of a nectarine rather than a turnip does not.
5 This seems to be a mistaken reference to 6 above where "diction" is defined as "the metrical arrangement of the words." In poetry they come to the same thing.
6 See Aristot. Poet. 6.2.
7 With a very small object the duration of our vision is, as it were, so rapid that the parts are invisible; we, therefore, cannot appreciate their proportion and arrangement, in which beauty consists.
Aristotle. Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 23, translated by W.H. Fyfe. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1932.
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