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Such is the nature of Courage; but the name is also applied to five divergent types of
character.
（1） First, as most closely resembling true Courage comes the citizen's
courage.1 Citizen troops appear to
endure dangers because of the legal penalties and the reproach attaching to cowardice, and
the honors awarded to bravery; hence those races
appear to be the bravest among which cowards are degraded and brave men held in honor.
1 ‘Political courage’: Plato uses this phrase （Plat. Rep. 430c） of patriotic courage, based on training and ‘right opinion about what is terrible and what is not,’ and in contrast with the undisciplined courage of slaves and brute beasts. Elsewhere, on the other hand, he contrasts ‘popular and citizen virtue’ in general with the philosopher's virtue, which is based on knowledge.
Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 19, translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1934.
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