Chapter 3. PARMENIDES1 [flor. c. 500 B.C.]
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Parmenides, a native of Elea, son of Pyres, was a pupil of
Xenophanes (Theophrastus in his
Epitome makes
him a pupil of Anaximander).
2 Parmenides, however, though he was instructed
by Xenophanes, was no follower of his. According to Sotion
3 he also associated with Ameinias the
Pythagorean, who was the son of Diochaetas and a worthy gentleman
though poor. This Ameinias he was more inclined to follow,
and on his death he built a shrine to him, being himself of illustrious birth and possessed of great wealth ; moreover
it was Ameinias and not Xenophanes who led him to adopt the peaceful
life of a student.
He was the first to declare that the earth
is spherical and is situated in the centre of the universe. He held
that there were two elements, fire and earth, and that the former
discharged the function of a craftsman, the latter of his material.
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22]
The generation of man proceeded from the sun as first cause ; heat
and cold, of which all things consist, surpass the sun itself. Again
he held that soul and mind are one and the same, as Theophrastus
mentions in his
Physics, where he is setting
forth the tenets of almost all the schools. He divided his
philosophy into two parts dealing the one with truth, the other with
opinion. Hence he somewhere says
4
:
Thou must needs learn all things, as well the unshakeable
heart of well-rounded truth as the opinions of mortals in which
there is no sure trust.
5
Our
philosopher too commits his doctrines to verse just as did Hesiod,
Xenophanes and Empedocles. He made reason the standard and
pronounced sensations to be inexact. At all events his words
are
6 :
And let not
long-practised wont force thee to tread this path, to be governed by
an aimless eye, an echoing ear and a tongue, but do thou with
understanding bring the muchcontested issue to decision.
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23]
Hence Timon
7 says of him
8:
And the strength of high-souled Parmenides, of no
diverse opinions, who introduced thought instead of imagination's
deceit.
It was about him that Plato wrote a dialogue with the
title
Parmenides or Concerning Ideas.
He
flourished in the 69th Olympiad.
9 He
is believed to have been the first to detect the identity of
Hesperus, the evening-star, and Phosphorus, the morning-star ; so
Favorinus in the fifth book of his
Memorabilia
; but others attribute this to Pythagoras, whereas Callimachus holds
that the poem in question was not the work of Pythagoras. Parmenides
is said to have served his native city as a legislator : so we learn
from Speusippus in his book
On Philosophers.
Also to have been the first to use the argument known as "Achilles
[and the tortoise]" : so Favorinus tells us in his
Miscellaneous History.
There was also
another Parmenides, a rhetorician who wrote a treatise on his
art.